The elderly are typically defined as individuals aged 60 or 65 years, although in developed countries, where life expectancy exceeds 70 years, this definition is extended to those aged 65 and above (Population Reference Bureau, 2012). This study examined retirement longevity among 115 retirees in mainland Tanzania, selected on a probabilistic basis from four regions. Employing descriptive and survival analyses, the study adopted a quantitative approach to test predetermined assumptions. Results showed that 75% of male retirees reported being free from both communicable and non-communicable diseases before retirement. However, post-retirement health outcomes revealed that 66.7% of males and 33.3% of females suffered from blood pressure or cancer-related diseases. Despite these noted results, no strong correlation was found between pre-retirement health and future longevity, although elderly individuals remain highly susceptible to illness. The findings further revealed that 51.2% of urban retirees engaged in post-retirement employment or investment activities compared to 39.4% of rural retirees. However, residential status (urban vs. rural) showed no significant effect on survival outcomes, as indicated by the statistically insignificant chi-square result (p = 0.185) at the 5% significance level. This suggests that a retiree’s choice of residence does not significantly influence longevity or mortality. In conclusion, while health vulnerability increases in post-retirement, neither health status before retirement nor residential location appears to have a decisive impact on the survival of retirees in Tanzania